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The 464 BC Spartan earthquake occurred along the Sparta fault in the year 464 BC destroying much of what was Sparta and ...
17/10/2025

The 464 BC Spartan earthquake occurred along the Sparta fault in the year 464 BC destroying much of what was Sparta and many other city-states in ancient Greece. Historical sources suggest that the death toll may have been as high as 20,000, although modern scholars suggest that this figure is likely an exaggeration. The earthquake gave Spartan helots an opportunity to revolt against their aristocratic rulers, and the Spartan Pericleidas was sent to the Athenians to seek their aid. Their immediate dismissal upon arrival is said to have been a key event that led up to the First Peloponnesian War.

Sparta was located on what is currently called the Hellenic arc which is predisposed to large seismic activity due to the convergence and subduction of the African plate beneath the Aegean Sea plate. The convergent and subduction of these plates are also seen in the geographical landscape in present-day Greece with large mountain ranges as well as many islands and the lands drop off into the Mediterranean Sea.

Present day Greece still experiences seismic activity regularly; however, it is usually much more mild than the one felt in 464 BC.

Accounts of the earthquake and its consequences are based on only a few often unreliable historical sources, specifically the writings of Strabo, Pausanias, Plutarch, and Thucydides. As there is little recorded about the earthquake itself in contemporary records, it is difficult to judge the exact epicenter and magnitude of the event. However, the earthquake is believed to have been 'medium to large' according to many historians and occurred due to movement on a fault near the Taygetus Mountains. A 1991 study attempted to locate the fault responsible for the event and estimate the magnitude of the earthquake based on satellite imagery and fieldwork. The authors of the study conclude that if the 464 BC event took place along the fault whose scarp they identified, its magnitude would have been approximately 7.2 on the surface-wave magnitude scale.

Due to the lack of proper infrastructure and seismic engineering knowledge during this time casualties were originally thought to be very high with some contemporary sources believing the death toll to be around 20,000. However, modern scholars believe this might be an exaggeration due to the fact that at the time the city was relatively small and spread out, with most buildings being one floor and constructed from wood or sun-baked brick making it hard to believe that casualties could have been so high. The lack of detailed population records, coupled with flight of survivors to other areas, may have contributed to the uncertainty, as it can today. In such a catastrophic earthquake, it is also unlikely that a number of the anecdotal tales from the time could be true, such as the Spartan king Archidamus leading the Spartan army out of the city to safety. Regardless of the exact death toll, there was some destruction, and the helots, the serf class in Spartan society, took advantage of this moment to rise in rebellion.

The history of the doughnut goes back centuries, long before the discovery of the New World. In ancient Rome and Greece,...
13/10/2025

The history of the doughnut goes back centuries, long before the discovery of the New World. In ancient Rome and Greece, cooks would fry strips of pastry dough and coat them with honey or fish sauce. In Medieval times, Arab cooks started frying up small portions of unsweetened yeast dough, drenching the plain fried blobs in sugary syrup to sweeten them.

These Arab fritters spread into northern Europe in the 1400’s and became popular throughout England, Germany and the Netherlands. In 15th century Germany, where sugar was hard to come by, they were often cooked savory with fillings like meat or mushroom. The Pilgrims and Dutch settlers brought doughnuts to America.

Eventually holes were added to the center of the fritter to create the shape of doughnut we’re familiar with today. This invention came out of necessity. At a certain point, egg yolks were added to the dough. It was discovered that this produced a richer and firmer end-product. The problem was, the fritters would often end up raw in the center after frying. The exterior would cook before the inner part of the doughnut did. The addition of a hole in the center eliminated that problem.

In September 1884, Marcellus Gilmore Edson submitted a patent application to the United States Patent Office. In the pat...
08/10/2025

In September 1884, Marcellus Gilmore Edson submitted a patent application to the United States Patent Office. In the patent application he described his invention for the manufacturing of “peanut-candy.” This peanut product was made by roasting peanuts and grinding them between surfaces heated to a temperature of 100°F. When cooled, this product had “a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment.” According to Edson’s application, the peanut-paste could be combined with sugar and used as a “flavoring-paste…to form sweetmeats and candy.” (See also Confectionary Industry.) Edson was issued the US Patent Number 306,727 for the manufacture of peanut-candy on 21 October 1884.

New York City was the most important spot on the map in 1776. The British thought it was vital to retake it, and the Ame...
06/10/2025

New York City was the most important spot on the map in 1776. The British thought it was vital to retake it, and the American rebels strained to defend it. General William Howe drove the rebels from Staten Island, Long Island, and lower Manhattan, with the help of one of the largest amphibious assault forces in history up to that time. The British hoped that a decisive victory in New York would end the rebellion. Then, six days after the British took New York City, more than a fifth of it burned to the ground on September 21. The fire crippled a city that was the focal point of the 1776 campaign just weeks after the United States declared its independence. This was New York City’s first great fire.

In the summer of 1776, the rebels rapidly came to understand that they could not successfully defend New York without losing a significant portion of their fighting force. They evacuated the city, and they did not quite leave it intact. As the fire raged, almost everyone at the scene believed that the rebels had lit the spark deliberately. The incendiaries may have begun with specific targets, but the fire quickly became indiscriminate, destroying the homes of friends as well as foes. The British troops and their Loyalist supporters reacted to the fire with horror. British soldiers and sailors executed a few suspected incendiaries on the spot. Outside the city, Americans weren’t sure what to think.

In 1887, London experienced widespread unemployment and political tension, culminating in Bloody Sunday on November 13th...
03/10/2025

In 1887, London experienced widespread unemployment and political tension, culminating in Bloody Sunday on November 13th, when a protest against unemployment and Irish policies in Trafalgar Square turned violent and resulted in multiple deaths and injuries. That same year, the city also celebrated Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, and prominent cultural figures like Arthur Conan Doyle created the famous detective Sherlock Holmes.

The name Hukbalahap, translates to "the people's army against the Japanese". The group was founded as a political intere...
02/10/2025

The name Hukbalahap, translates to "the people's army against the Japanese". The group was founded as a political interest group for the communist party, but it will play an important role in Philippines' resistance against the Imperial Japanese force.
The founders and party members of both the Socialist and Philippine Communist Party throughout the 1930s, prior to the Japanese occupation, served as active nationalists and revolutionaries who sought an independent communist Philippine state. The leader of the Philippines first official communist organization, the Worker’s Party, was Crisanto Evangelista.
It wouldn’t be until after the Japanese capture and executions of Evangelista and his head deputy, Abad Santos, that Evangelista’s communist and socialist guerrillas would come to call themselves officially the Hukbalahap in 1942. Evangelista’s political goals included creating a financially independent Philippines free from American governance and capitalism, while most importantly, liberating the Filipino peasant and working classes.

Unity is an ancient word known as togetherness, oneness and a family in grace. It is a form of energy that is obedient t...
30/09/2025

Unity is an ancient word known as togetherness, oneness and a family in grace. It is a form of energy that is obedient to righteousness and humility, it always thinks about the sake of other people to grow in the right path. Unfortunately, not all understand what unity truely means. Others think that it is only a group that chases happiness, but fails to grow and improve from their own yesterdays. Some think that becoming happy is by means improving everyday, and fails to realize that progress isn't about the ups, but also downs to overcome.

Unity has it's multiple perception in many people, but it always comes from the Bible;

Acts 20:29
For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock.

Unity doesn't come in perfect shapes. Unity can sometimes be dangerous, if the group itself has its hidden agenda that feeds into personal gain. Some groups intend to deceive and let some people go astray from the truth, and get its own gain. Or, others are like vampires that suck your energy out, and make you fail to grow. Unity has become so imperfect, because it is perceived by many in right or wrong perceptions. Which makes unity become helpful or deceitful, depending on its people in that group or even a society.

When that society has its evil agenda, leaders will come out and commence their agenda for a one big personal gain.

1598 saw the death of Ivan the Terrible’s son Feodor I, a notoriously weak and ineffective tsar who didn’t leave behind ...
29/09/2025

1598 saw the death of Ivan the Terrible’s son Feodor I, a notoriously weak and ineffective tsar who didn’t leave behind an heir, and what followed was a violent and financially catastrophic war of succession in which several parties with various claims to the Russian throne vied for power.
Michael I eventually took control in 1913, founding the historic House of Romanov, but he and his administration would fail to adequately replenish the treasury by the time he passed away in 1645. Subsequently, he left something of a mess for his unfortunate successor, Alexis I. Money was not only scarce, but it was unevenly distributed among the people.

Similar to the French Revolution that would occur elsewhere in Europe around a hundred years later, the discontent among the people of Russia centered around food, and their access to it being either restricted or heavily taxed or both. In this case, one of the greatest table commodities was denied to the inhabitants of an empire: salt. It was a necessary staple, as preserved salted fishes and meats were essential to the survival of Russia’s populace, who relied on such foodstuffs to make it through extreme weather changes. The notoriously brutal winters made it virtually impossible to grow crops or hunt animals, and food needed to be aggressively stored away in the preceding months.
Alexis’s government, ignoring these facts, still imposed heavy taxes on the widely used mineral in the hopes of raking in quick and much-needed cash for the new monarchy. The plan backfired spectacularly. No one was prepared for it. Artisans and serfs found themselves unable to afford the tax, and rich townsmen and boyars (nobility) didn’t pay their dues either. Instead, they found clever ways to avoid paying and still keep their lavish meals tasty and well-seasoned and their larders well-stocked.

Widespread hatred was especially directed at the governor of Moscow, Leontiy Stepanovich Plescheyev, and the Tsar’s advisor, Boris Morozov, whose policies and taxations were overwhelmingly unpopular to the point where the people felt compelled to organize themselves and demand drastic change. They petitioned Alexis I to rule independently from his domineering counsellors, who were considered shameless graspers and usurpers of power, and they insisted in an address to the tsar that Morozov and his minions were turning "your Tsarist Majesty against the people, and the people against your Tsarist Majesty."
But the series of complaints to the tsar were not entirely unselfish and community-based. Landed boyars were also demanding that the time limit to reclaim escaped serfs be eradicated. They wanted the privilege to reclaim their serfs within any time frame and bind them back to their properties. Everybody seemed to have a personalized agenda.

Matters reached a boiling point on the first of June 1648, the day the tsar was travelling back from a visit to the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius monastery. He and his entourage were swarmed by a crowd of disgruntled Muscovites, who demanded that Alexis hear their grievances against the greedy boyars and the national administrators. But Alexis declined to listen to their pleas, and his bodyguards fought back against the people. This ignited a wave of furious retribution from the betrayed petitioners. The people would not and could not be ignored.
On the second of June, the Kremlin was infiltrated by a flood of rioters who intended to forcefully remove several officials from their offices. The people were very specific about who they wanted out: Boris Morozov (naturally), his powerful brother-in-law Pyotr Trakhaniotov, the distrusted head of the police department Leontii Pleshcheyev, and the much-detested salt tax coordinator Duma diak Nazar Chistoy. Morozov overstepped himself once again and ordered the Streltsy infantry to attack the protestors. The unit of Russian musketeers refused, and instead sided with the people.

Alexis wanted Pleshceyev spared from punishment, but eventually turned him over to the rampaging crowd in order to appease them. Historian Valerie Kivelson gives a gruesome account of Pleshceyev’s ultimate fate at the hands of the rebels on the third of June, describing how "they cuggeled him so black and blue and with axes they cut him asunder like a fish, the pieces they let lie naked here and there.”

Over the following days, White City and Kitai-gorod, central neighbourhoods and cultural centers of the city of Moscow, were put to the torch by the out-of-control mob. They burned down somewhere between 15,000 and 24,000 houses, and the number of casualties rose to somewhere between 1,700 to 2,000 people. Targeted most aggressively were the boyars and anyone in or above the comfortable middle class. It was a bloodbath fueled by class inequality.

Alexis finally began to negotiate, though matters would still end unfairly for the serfs. The Streltsy unit got off well. They were bribed with a salary increase if they withdrew their support from the rioters, and so they did. The rest of the people were offered a much smaller compensation: Morozov would be removed from power and exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. This seemed to placate the rioters enough to disband them, but the upper classes took advantage of the precarious political climate to maneuver to get their own way.

The zemsky sobor, or Assembly of the Land, came together and stripped the serfs of even more rights, including (as mentioned before) restricting even further their chances of escaping abusive masters. Rebel leaders were hunted down and arrested. Boris Morozov snuck back into Moscow and took his place at Alexis’s side again. The salt riot of 1648 led to virtually no changes for the commonfolk.

Sources: “The Devil Stole His Mind: The Tsar and the 1648 Moscow Uprising” via JSTOR.

Dózsa Rebellion, (1514), unsuccessful peasant revolt in Hungary, led by nobleman György Dózsa (1470–1514), that resulted...
25/09/2025

Dózsa Rebellion, (1514), unsuccessful peasant revolt in Hungary, led by nobleman György Dózsa (1470–1514), that resulted in a reduction of the peasants’ social and economic position.

During the reign of King Vladislas II (1490–1516), royal power declined in favour of the magnates, who used their power to curtail the peasants’ freedom. When the cardinal Tamás Bakócz called for volunteers to go on a Crusade against the Turks (April 16, 1514), about 100,000 discontented peasants joined the army. Dózsa, after having won a reputation for valour in the Turkish wars, was appointed leader. Although the Crusade was suspended on May 23, the peasants, without food or clothing, began to voice grievances against landlords and refused to disperse or reap the fields at harvesttime. The army announced its intention to overthrow the nobility and end oppression of the lower classes.

The rebellious peasants then attacked their landlords, burning hundreds of manor houses and castles and murdering thousands of nobles. They captured the fortresses of Arad, Lippa, and Világos, threatened Buda, and laid siege to Temesvár. But at Temesvár they were defeated by János Zápolya, voivode (governor) of Transylvania and future king of Hungary (reigned 1526–40). Dózsa and his chief lieutenants were captured, and on July 20 Dózsa was executed. By October 1514 the remnants of the rebel army had been crushed, and the Diet of 1514 condemned the entire peasant class to “real and perpetual servitude” and bound it permanently to the soil. It also increased the number of days the peasants had to work for their lords, imposed heavy taxes on them, and ordered them to pay for the damage caused by the rebellion.

The Spanish Inquisition was a judicial institution that lasted between 1478 and 1834. Its ostensible purpose was to comb...
25/09/2025

The Spanish Inquisition was a judicial institution that lasted between 1478 and 1834. Its ostensible purpose was to combat heresy in Spain, but, in practice, it resulted in consolidating power in the monarchy of the newly unified Spanish kingdom. Its brutal methods led to widespread death and suffering. The Roman Catholic Church had established inquisitions in the past. Taking their name from the Latin verb inquiro (“inquire into”), these commissions had authority to question supposed heretics about their religious practices and loyalties starting in the 13th century.

Unlike much of western Europe at the time, medieval Spain was a multiracial and multireligious country with large Muslim and Jewish populations.

Riots in cities have been described since ancient times. When the popular Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, the R...
23/09/2025

Riots in cities have been described since ancient times. When the popular Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, the Roman people stormed the city and during Caesar’s cremation in the Forum, the rioters grabbed the firebrands from his pyre and burned down the houses of two of his assassins, Brutus and Cassius. They, also, killed Helvius Cinna, a non-political poet, who was mistakenly taken to be Cornelius Cinna who had applauded Caesar’s assassination.

The "Deir el-Medina protest" refers to the first recorded labor strike in history, which occurred around 1170 BC in anci...
23/09/2025

The "Deir el-Medina protest" refers to the first recorded labor strike in history, which occurred around 1170 BC in ancient Egypt under Pharaoh Ramses III. Skilled artisans from the village of Deir el-Medina, who built royal tombs, protested the delayed payment of their essential grain rations by marching to local temples and refusing to leave until their grievances were addressed. Their collective action, documented on papyrus, was a significant event that highlighted workers' rights and led to the authorities eventually providing the overdue payments.

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